摘 要:雖然2000年以來我國的天然氣產量排在世界前列,但目前我國的天然氣產量卻遠遠不能滿足國民經濟發展的需要,越來越多的氣田已進入開發中后期,且絕大部分氣藏屬低滲透和水驅氣藏,采收率低,如何提高氣藏呆收率已成為當前亟待解決的問題。關于油藏提高采收率的定義、剩余油描述方法與提高原油采收率(EOR)配套技術已較為成熟,但對氣藏提高采收率(EGR)的定義與描述還未建立起來,對氣藏剩余氣分布規律的描述方法與EGR技術還不清楚。為此,在調研大量文獻的基礎上,對EGR進行了定義,提出按剩余氣豐度的方法來進行剩余氣分布的描述,分析了國內外已開發的3種主要類型氣藏(低滲透氣藏、凝析氣藏、邊底水氣藏)的地質開發特征以及開發過程中遇到的問題,總結分析了提高采收率的相關技術與方法,并對EGR技術的發展提出了建議。該成果對氣藏提高采收率有重要的借鑒和推廣意義。
關鍵詞:天然氣 氣藏 提高采收率 低滲透氣藏 凝析氣藏 邊底水氣藏 技術 對策
Technology and countermeasures for gas recovery enhancement
Abstract:Since 2000,China has been ranked as one of the top countries in gas production.Nevertheless,the domestic gas production can hardly satisfy the need of national economic development.Besides,an increasing number of gas fields have come to the middle or late development stages,and most gas reservoirs have low recovery efficiency due to the low permeability and water drive nature.Therefore,gas recovery enhancement has become an urgent issue.At present,the oil recovery enhancement is well defined,and there are methods describing the remaining oil and a complete set of mature EOR(enhanced oil recovery)technologies.However,the definition and description of EGR(enhanced gas recovery)are still undetermined。and the description method for the distribution of residual gas and EGR technologies are almost unavailable.In view of this,by reviewing a wealth of related literatures,we defined EGR and also described the remaining gas distribution based on the remaining gas abundance.In addition,collecting three typical types(low-permeability,condensate and edge/bottom water)of major gas reservoirs developed at home and abroad,we summarized the geological and development characteristics,and found out the obstructions in the development.In response,we concluded and analyzed the relevant technologies and methods for enhancing the gas recovery of such reservoirs,and proposed the suggestions about EGR technology development,which provides a significant reference and popularization basis for EGR measures in fields.
Keywords:natural gas,reservoir,EGR(enhanced gas recovery),low permeability gas reservoir,condensate reservoir,edge/bottom water drive gas reservoir,technology,countermeasure
1 提高氣藏采收率(EGR)的定義
21世紀是天然氣世紀,天然氣作為一種更清潔、更優質、更經濟的能源和化工原料[1-2],在國民經濟中的地位越來越重要。由于絕大部分氣藏屬低滲透和水驅氣藏,采收率低,此外我國天然氣消費量又逐年上升。因此EGR有重要的經濟和社會價值。EGR(enhanced gas recovery)即提高氣藏采收率,指在現有經濟技術條件下,在水驅或氣驅等天然能量開采的氣藏采收率基礎上,采用工藝技術和方法,以實現提高氣藏采收率的技術、方法或工藝過程。油藏天然能量開發被稱為一次采油,注水補充能量開發被稱為二次采油,注氣或化學驅開發被稱為三次采油或EOR。針對采氣來講,依靠天然能量開發被稱為一次采氣,水淹復產、注水、注氣、注化學劑、堵水等以及提高剩余氣采收率或動用程度的技術與方法被稱為EGR。
油藏采收率為驅油效率和波及效率的乘積,EOR就是圍繞提高波及效率(如化學驅)和驅油效率(如氣驅)進行工作。針對中、高滲透氣藏,只要有井生產,就會產生壓力降,因此可認為波及效率為100%,這種類型的氣藏打加密井只能提高采氣速度,不能提高采收率;針對低滲透致密氣藏,由于壓力波及范圍較小,打加替井或水平井可以增加波及體積從而提高氣藏采收率;針對于氣氣藏,沒有水驅或注入介質,不存在驅氣效率問題,采收率較高,剩余氣分布與壓力成正相關關系,可以用壓力分布來描述剩余氣分布;針對水驅或注氣驅氣藏存在驅氣效率問題,此類氣藏剩余氣分布就不能用壓力分布來表示,而應當用剩余氣豐度來描述。因為水驅氣效率不高,容易形成水封氣。因此采收率較低。
筆者系統調研了目前已開發的主力氣藏低滲透氣藏、凝析氣藏、邊底水氣藏EGR技術,結合氣藏實例分析,總結了不同類型氣藏提高采收率技術對策,并提出EGR發展建議。
2 低滲透氣藏的EGR技術
低滲透氣藏產量在我國天然氣產量構成中比例逐年上升,業內專家預計我國未來天然氣穩產增長將更多地依靠低滲透氣田,因此低滲透氣田將是我國未來天然氣勘探開發的主要對象。低滲透氣藏具有非均質性、泥質含量高、低孔滲、高毛細管力、高含水飽和度、氣水分布復雜等地質特征。具有自然產能低、壓力下降快、產量遞減快、開發中后期井筒積液嚴重等開發特征。如果開采方式不合理,可能導致氣藏過早大規模水竄,氣藏廢棄壓力很高,采收率低。低滲透氣藏一般需要經過一定增產措施后才能獲得有經濟價值的氣產量,常用的方法是打水平井和對直井進行壓裂。
針對低滲透氣藏的增產措施已貫穿于從地質研究、鉆井、完井、氣藏工程等直到氣藏停產的整個過程,其主要作用是增大氣體在儲層段的滲透能力,以增加單井產量、最終采收率,最終提高經濟效益。低滲透氣藏的EGR技術策略總結如表l所示。
針對我國低滲透砂巖氣藏地質與開發特征,借鑒目前致密天然氣開發經驗,提出以下幾點建議:
1)低滲透致密氣藏豐度低,非均質嚴重,要突破富集區優選和儲層預測技術,將適合經濟開發的有利區域優先開發。
2)致密氣藏流動能力差,存在啟動壓力和應力敏感等問題,傳統連續介質滲流理論遇到挑戰,有必要發展非連續介質流動理論。
3)國內外應用表明水平井是開發低滲透致密氣藏的重要手段,應形成自主知識產權的水平井分段壓裂技術和直井多層壓裂技術。
4)低滲透致密氣藏井數多,控制面積小,井網加密是提高采收率重要手段,研究井網加密技術經濟極限很有必要。
5)井下節流技術已在蘇里格廣泛推廣應用,節約了投資,簡化了流程,取得很好的應用效果,值得進一步推廣。
6)低滲透氣藏產能低,效益差,許多氣藏處于經濟效益開發的邊沿,要全過程推行降低成本開發技術。
7)我國水源缺乏,大型水力壓裂水源不足,建議推廣研究層內爆炸增產技術。
3 凝析氣藏的EGR技術
凝析氣藏是一種特殊、復雜且經濟價值很高的氣藏。目前我國已發現的凝析氣資源大多集中在新疆和海上,尤其是在塔里木盆地,地層氣中凝析油含量高、儲量大,在全國占絕對優勢。我國的凝析氣藏多屬凝析油含量中偏低的飽和凝析氣藏,且多采用衰竭方式開發,采收率低,有的已處于開發中、后期,如何提高凝析氣藏氣采收率和凝析油采收率已成為關鍵問題[16-17]。
凝析氣藏由于在開發過程中會發生復雜的物理化學相變,開發機理十分復雜,開發難度大,因此不可避免地會出現很多影響產能和凝析油采收率的問題,例如:液相傷害、水合物堵塞、井筒積液和氣竄。開發好凝析氣藏,需要綜合考慮凝析氣藏的地質條件、氣藏類型、凝析油含量和經濟指標,編制較好的開發方案。
凝析氣藏同時產天然氣和凝析油,經濟價值很高,但開發機理很復雜,存在著凝析油氣體系的相態變化和反凝析現象。對高含凝析油的凝析氣藏,要盡可能地防止地層壓力降至露點壓力以下,以避免大量凝析油損失在地層中,同時對有邊底水的凝析氣藏還要防止邊底水的侵入。凝析氣藏EGR技術策略總結如表2所示。
以下是凝析氣藏提高采收率的幾點建議:
1)保持壓力開發是提高凝析油采收率的重要方法,但注干氣反蒸發機理的實驗與理論與現實有些不符,比如牙哈氣田注干氣凝析油采收率就比預測的高,有待于進一步研究在線注氣蒸發的直接測試技術。
2)注氣過程中重力超覆也是近年發現的新現象,理論模型無法描述,這涉及重力分異理淪、非平衡相態和非平衡擴散理論,但這些方面理論還未取得明顯突破。
3)近年出現一些縫洞型、裂縫性、低滲透凝析氣藏,其機理與傳統的砂巖相比更為復雜,有必要加強研究提高采收率技術,裂縫凝析氣藏單井吞吐不利于提高凝析油采收率。
4)注水開發凝析氣藏對相態影響較小,氣油比不上升,但大部分氣藏水驅會造成波及效率的下降,在高滲透和重力驅的條件下可考慮使用,但使用時要慎重。
5)解除凝析氣井污染的新技術研究,將提高凝析油采收率與提高氣藏采收率同等對待,改變凝析氣藏采收率只重視提高凝析油采收率的傳統認識。
6)表2中雖然列出了現發表的EGR技術,有些還處于評價研究階段,還未投入現場應用,應用時要針對具體的氣藏情況,考慮現有技術和經濟條件來確定是否值得實施。
4 邊底水氣藏的EGR技術
我國大多數氣藏均屬不同程度的水驅氣藏,其中邊底水活躍的氣藏占40%~50%。國內邊底水氣藏主要為背斜圈閉,且多有斷層發育。大部分該類氣藏的孔隙度和滲透率偏低,非均質性較強,為水侵活躍氣藏,地層水多以沿裂縫上竄的形式侵入氣藏,對氣藏采收率影響較高。與氣驅氣藏相比較,邊、底水氣藏具有采氣速度低、產能遞減快、采收率低、水氣比上升明顯、投資大和成本高等特點。兇此,在開發過程中要特別注意氣井和氣藏的產水動態,加強水的動態監測和治水技術研究。
我國邊底水氣藏大多數已進入開發中后期階段,面臨水侵現象嚴重,而采取人工排水采氣技術更應注意各種排水工藝的技術特點以及適應條件,以便取得最好的排水效果。通過多年的研究和發展,目前國內外都已形成了各自的提高邊底水氣藏采收率的技術。其針對邊底水氣藏的EGR技術策略總結如表3所示。
以下是提高邊、底水氣藏提高采收率的幾點建議:
1)規范水淹氣藏的再生產技術,加速排水采氣,使儲集層壓力降低到含水層的影響以下,當地層壓力進一步降低,圈閉氣膨脹進入氣井。這個方法已經在美國和蘇聯的很多氣田中獲得應用。
2)利用氣水兩相滲流阻力阻水,注非烴氣體驅替天然氣,把氮氣注入氣水之間,利用氮氣與甲烷的比重差,氮氣段塞既隔水又驅替天然氣。這個方法已經應用于俄羅斯的梅德維日氣田。
3)開展邊、底水氣藏數值模擬和物理模擬研究,建立數值化巖心結合物理模擬、氣藏數值模擬技術所特有的仿真模擬屬性與排水采氣和排水找氣相結合的水侵機更有研究新方法。
4)加強新型排水采氣工藝技術研究,包括組合排水采氣、連續油管深井排水采氣、超聲波排水采氣、球塞氣舉排水采氣、氣舉凡爾技術。
5)試驗底水氣藏雙完井方式,Armenta等人提出的一種提高氣藏采收率的新方法,即在井底安裝一個有井底水槽的排水系統和注入系統的雙完井方式。
6)通過注入化學劑改變井底儲層濕潤性,將氣相變成潤濕相,確保出水后氣相的滲流能力。
5 結論
1)EGR的定義和剩余氣描述方式與EOR的定義及描述方式都不同,應用時不能直接套用EOR相關方法。
2)低滲透氣藏EGR的重要方向是降低廢棄壓力、增大波及體積。
3)凝析氣藏EGR不僅要提高凝析油采收率,提高天然氣采收率也是重要內容。
4)邊底水氣藏EGR主要方向是治水和用水,解除水封氣,復雜氣藏水侵機理還需加強研究。
5)我國目前發現的復雜氣藏較多,如低滲透凝析氣邊底水氣藏,就需要根據氣藏的主要矛盾來制定科學合理的EGR技術方案。
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本文作者:郭平 景莎莎 彭彩珍
作者單位:“油氣藏地質及開發工程”國家重點實驗室·西南石油大學
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